While the date of his death is unknown, he lived very near to the end of the 4th century AD. Walter Hamilton, trans. 2 The title of Augustus was lawfully held only by the reigning emperor, or emperors. Located at the intersection of overland routes connecting the empire's eastern and western part, these provinces were a principal venue of military operations and recruitment. Their communities were divided into two groups: the ascetic Elects (who abstained from sex), and the Hearers (who lived a more ordinary life). [150], Christians lived in peace for decades from the 260s. They were organized into legions and auxiliary forces under the command of the provincial governors. [146] TheodosiusI's opponent Eugenius promised to restore sacrifices to secure the support of the remnants of pagan aristocracy. On his return to Italy, Sebastianus was deposed and Aetius was appointed as his successor. He was aware that appearing to be too critical, or too sympathetic, towards named people might attract censure. He allowed the Burgundians to establish their kingdom in Roman territory on the Middle Rhine. Official tolerance contributed to the spread of their faith, and their communities can be detected in most cities by the end of the century. Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity AD 150-750 Stephen Mitchell, A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-641: the . [139] His successor, Jovian abolished Julian's anti-Christian edicts in the autumn of 363. The Later Roman Empire (AD 354-378) This book is the Penguin Classics translation of the Res Gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus, the most important primary source for the fourth century in the Roman Empire. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. [48][50] Constantine and Licinius quickly concluded an allience against Maxentius whose realm separated their territories. [64] On his deathbed, he had allegedly named Julian as his sole heir. One of them, Priscus wrote a detailed report of his visit at Attila the Hun's court in 449. [38][39], The Illyrian Diocletian was a genuine representative of the soldier emperor's reformist zeal. Aurelius Victor and an unknown author completed short imperial biographies in the second half of the 4thcentury, allegedly using a common source. The later Roman Empire (A.D. 354-378). (ed. Readers trust theseries to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-datetranslations by award-winning translators. . Get this from a library! [117] After abolishing the senators' obligation to reside in Rome and attend the meetings of the Senate, Constantine could grant senatorial rank generously. A comprehensive study which introduces the reader to the vigour and variety of the fourth century AD. Local Jewish communities accepted the leadership of their rabbis. The author expresses himself in the obscure and labored Latin typical of the late empire. Interpreting Ammianus Marcellinus . He concluded a peace treaty with the Vandals, acknowledging their hold of the western regions of Roman Africa in 435. His Wars covers military actions. He accompanied this emperor, for whom he expresses enthusiastic admiration, in his campaigns against the Alamanni and the Sassanids. The reorganization of the army established a more flexible command structure and diminished the dependence of the frontier troops on the imperial field army in case of emergency. A late source, Theophanes the Confessor's 9th-century Chronographia is invaluable for the military history of the 620s. He subsequently settled in Rome, where he wrote in Latin a . By the size of the Roman army is meant the changes (increases and reductions) in the number of its contingents: legions, auxiliaries, Praetorian cohorts, Urban cohorts, vigiles, and naval forces over the course of twelve centuries - from 753 BC to AD 476 (the Fall of the Western Roman Empire).. Regal period (753 - 509 BC) After the founding of Rome, legend has it that the first king . [40] He was proclaimed emperor at a meeting of senior officers at Nicomedia in November 284. Introduction The life of Ammianus Our knowledge of Ammianus is derived almost wholly from his own writings. The only independent textual source for Ammianus lies in M, another ninth-century Frankish codex which was, unfortunately, unbound and placed in other codices during the fifteenth century. From these references, it has been deduced that he was born probably between 325 and 330 to an educated family of Greek descent, possibly in Antioch[3] This probability hinges on whether he was the recipient of a surviving letter to a Marcellinus from a contemporary, Libanius. The early-7th-century Theophylact Simocatta is the least reliable Later Roman historian: both his chronology and topography are chaotic. Alexandria tsunami which devastated the metropolis and the shores of the eastern Mediterranean on 21 July of that year. Ammianus and the late Roman Army 93 ther.4 Constantine had fashioned a large central reserve distinct in . [60], Constantius persuaded the Armenian king Arshak II to accept Roman protection, but he mainly refrained from offensive actions against Persia. This is where youll see your current point status and your earned rewards. His "New Rome" was consecrated as Constantinople on 11May 330. The local deities were associated with the gods of the Roman pantheon, but elements of the local cults survived. [178] Ambrose also came into conflict with Theodosius. As depicted in many studies of the later Roman Empire, the military sys- . Diocletian grouped the provinces into 12new territorial units, known as dioceses. Ammianus Marcellinus wrote his work during the late 300s of the Common Era as a history of the Roman Empire from the reign of the Emperor Nerva until the end of Emperor Valens' reign; a period spanning from 96 to 378 AD. [157] Constantine made lavish donations to the Christian church, including 10.5tons of silver, 2,335pounds of gold and 34,255gold solidi according to a list preserved in the Liber Pontificalis. He did not persecute Christians, but failed to punish those who persecuted them. Among the new dignitaries, the primicerius was first attested in 312, the praepositus in 326. [184][185] Judaism was never outlawed, but Christian converts to Judaism lost their property and Jews could not hold imperial offices. [25], The last Severan emperor, Severus Alexander was assassinated by his own troops in 235. Gratian refused to confirm the child's promotion, but he soon faced insurrections in the west. Athanasius and Marcellus were restored to their episcopal sees, but in Constantinople Constantius replaced the Nicene Paul with Eusebius. [15], The systematic collection of legal texts commenced in the Late Roman period. Please try again later. Augustine of Hippo writes of pagan dancers marching by Christian churches and stoning them as a reprisal for the Christian clergy's attempt to hinder the pagan celebration. [13] The last outstanding Roman historian, Procopius completed detailed accounts of Emperor JustinianI's rule. Some of their followers lived a solitary life, others assembled at least once a week for a communal meal or prayer. During previous years of drought, the exceptional ecological conditions of the fertile Nile valley had helped the Roman authorities to overcome famine in other regions, but the floods of the Nile were abnormally weak from 244 to 248. In a year, an anti-Gothic popular riot broke out in Constantinople and Arcadius dismissed Gainas with the support of an other Gothic general Fravitta. [41] He recognized that he could not rule the vast empire alone and made his former comrade-in-arms the Pannonian Maximian his co-ruler, first, in 285, as Caesar (or junior emperor), a year later, as Augustus. Pachomius' monastic rules for his community at Tabenna set a template for further foundations, but the Cappadocian Basil of Caesarea's rules became even more popular. Around 251 exorcists made up around one third of the clergy in the city of Rome. Traditional imperial titulature was expanded with titles like dominus ("lord"), and Jovius or Herculius (in reference to the gods Jupiter and Hercules, respectively). He appears to have consciously begun where Tacitus . Nevertheless, his treatment of Christianity is free from prejudice and his impartiality and good judgement have been generally acknowledged. It was closely associated with gladiator shows. Official meetings began with acclamations in their honor emphasizing the divinely sanctioned nature of their rule. Diocletian replaced the old system with a new hierarchy of imperial officials and made the senatorial rank available to all who held high offices in imperial administration. He appears to have regarded history as a tool to help understand the past in order to shape the present and to influence the future. After returning to the east, Licinius inflicted a decisive defeat on Maximinus in Thrace in April 313. [36] The size of the Christian communities had significantly grown in large urban centers like Rome, Antioch, Alexandria and Carthage in the early 3rdcentury. The Later Roman Empire. Quite paradoxically, even Honorius, characterized as the "most unwarlike emperor" by historian Thomas S. Burns, was depicted as a conqueror of enemy forces on his coins. The local Roman army could not stop the influx of further refugees across the Danube. The Age of Attila : Fifth-Century Byzantium and the Barbarians. Rerum gestarum libri (Ammianus Marcellinus) Rome (Empire) Genre. Ammianus was at times very detailed in his descriptions of events but at other times he expressed reluctance to get caught up in what he called insignificant details, such as what one emperor said at table, or left out the reasons why the common soldiers were led before the standards for punishment.[20] This was perhaps related to his awareness that proximity to events provided on the one hand an opportunity to draw on personal observation, and to include autobiographical content while on the other he could offend powerful people by omission as well as by inclusion. Porphyry of Tyre praised their piety, an Egyptian group using the name Hermes Trismegistus promoted the adoption of allegedly Egyptian priestly traditions, and Porphyry's pupil Iamblichus completed a coherent polytheist theological system under the Egyptian pseudonym, Abammon. [81] The Roman troops in Britain mutinied. Grant says that he also used government records and that when it is possible to check his writing against other sources, he emerges with credit.[27]. The best contemporary source of information about Britain in the late fourth century is the late-imperial historian Ammianus Marcellinus. [8][9] A pagan Greek officer, Ammianus Marcellinus "has a claim to be the finest Latin historian of any period", according to historian Stephen Mitchell, although only fragments of his Histories survived. [24] In 212, Emperor Caracalla granted full Roman citizenship to his all free subjects except for the dediticii, that is aliens who had been forced into submission or admitted to the empire. Hypatia's death horrified Cyril, who, although he was her intellectual rival, held her in very high esteem, condemning the city for its violent nature. On the other hand, a persistent belief in the existence of myriads of demons is well documented. His is the last major historical account of the late Roman Empire which survives today. Most Christian intellectuals embraced a modified version of Rome's imperialist ideology, claiming that God destined the empire to facilitate the spread of Christianity for the salvation of all mankind. [112], After the Christianization of the empire the Senatus no more rewarded deceased emperors with a divine status, but the emperors were regarded as God's representatives on Earth. Christians who were regarded heretics by state authorities were regularly labelled as Manichaeans. Ammianus Marcellinus is often considered to be the last Roman historian of any merit. Ammianus Marcellinus, ca. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. Ammianus Marcellinus' information and knowledge of the Sasanian Persians is often criticised for being stereotypical and reliant on traditional tropes and ideas. According to modern estimations, the Roman army was of 400,000600,000strong in the mid-4thcentury. Tuy c s thng nht trong gii hc gi rng . Unilateral divorce was limited to cases of serious crimes, like poisoning, committed by husband or wife. Ammianus Marcellinus was a fourth-century Roman historian and his work the "Res Gestae", known in English as "The Later Roman Empire", is one of the most important historical accounts to have survived from ancient Rome. [94][95], The general Constantius who had a pivotal role in the negotiations with the Visigoths married Galla Placidia in January 417. Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330 - after 391) was a fourth century Roman historian. Agathias emphasizes the effect of unexpected events on history, Menander mainly cover diplomacy. [7], Most information about military and political history have been preserved in secular historians' works. On occasions, expeditionary forces developed into permanent detachments, like those dispatched to Africa, Britain and Isauria. Part of the field army was organized into regional units each under the command of a magister militum. Ammianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. He began Book 15 with a preface promising even greater accuracy now that the contemporary period had been reached but in Book 26 reported that dread had restrained him from giving a minute account of this series of bloody deeds.[16]. Although their agreement was not formally enacted, it is now known inaccuratelly as the Edict of Milan. Summary. Although the rules changed time to time, slaves, men less than 1.65 metres (5.4 feet), heretics and urban magistrates were excluded from military service. Under the new system, civil and military hierarchies were separated. [188] Their asceticism and dualism were particularly attractive to young intellectuals, among them Augustine who adhered to their faith before his conversion to Christianity around 382. [163], Debates about the traditoresChristians who had given up holy books to state authorities or made pagan sacrifices during the Great Persecutionintensified in Numidia in the 310s. [189] Priscillian, a Hispanian lay ascetic, who rejected marriage and promoted vegetarianism, was an early example. Armed conflicts between them and the local Christians were common in the late 5thcentury. [182] Emperor Julian authorized the Jews to rebuild their Temple in Jerusalem, allegedly to refute Christ's prophecy on the Temple and to demonstrate the common features of pagan and Jewish sacrifices. [93] A Gallic aristocrat Jovinus secured the support of a coalition of Burgundians, Alans and other peoples and had himself proclaimed Augustus in Mainz. [135] Cases of religious syncretism are well documented. 18 and 19 turn to Persia where Constantius was now fighting against Shapur II (310-379). They were called scholae palatinae. The recorded Pictish history begins in the early Middle Ages. 325-ca. [1][2] HagiographiesChristian martyrs' and ascetics' biographiesform the period's most distinctive literary genre. Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330 - after 391) was a fourth century Roman historian. The Later Roman Empire spans the period from 284 AD (Diocletian's proclamation as emperor) to 641 (death of Heraclius) in the history of the Roman Empire. In 354, Constantius had him arrested and executed, and made Gallus' half-brother Julian Caesar with responsibility for Gaul. While classical culture claimed that only the wealthy could live a truly civilized life, hagiographies praised uneducated ascetics who abandoned civilisation for the desert. When writing of events familiar to them or their acquaintances, they are mostly reliable. 395 CE, a Greek of Antioch, joined the army when still young and served under the governor Ursicinus and the emperor of the East Constantius II, and later under the emperor Julian, whom he admired and accompanied against the Alamanni and the Persians. Share to Reddit. Critics, pointing to the turgid, sometimes obscure style of his prose, speculate why he chose to write in Latin and not in his native Greek. [75] Theodosius' death is traditionally regarded as a decisive moment in the separation of the empire's eastern and western halves. [13] He even digresses to describe the Chinese, whom he characterized as a peace-loving people. Thus Ammianus Marcellinus, the soldier how can i make my dick longer historianof the falling Roman Empire upon whom Gibbon placed so much reliance,was anyway increase penis so attached blue rhino honey reviews to divination that he even quoted its arch opponent,Cicero, in support of it. [15] Ammianus was aware that writing about contemporary, including events to which he was a witness, raised questions about impartiality. [86][87] A Hunnic leader Uldin raided Thrace and captured Castra Martis, but Anthemius forced him to abandon the campaign by paying off his deputies. St Jerome, in particular, accused them of cannibalism. . Each diocese was ruled by a vicarius who reported to one of the two praetorian prefects. Caesar was the title next in rank and was conferred by the emperor on one or more of the imperial family; see Introd. [131] When praying, a pagan often used formulas that had allegedly been disclosed to the leaders of their native town by an oracle. [79][80] Both migrations were probably triggered by the Huns' westward expansion. [Ammianus Marcellinus; Walter Hamilton; Andrew Wallace-Hadrill] -- A history of Rome during the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian and Valens, by a fourth century army officer. In: Yarshater, E. [166] Anxious about church unity, Constantine summoned the bishops to the first ecumenical council to Nicaea in May 325. [4], With his Church History, Eusebius originated another new literary genre with the focus on Christian missionaries, church leaders, martyrs and heretics. [149], Still in 591 Pope Gregory I wrote of Sardinian pagans who had bribed the island's governor to tolerate their activities. Paperback, 9780140444063, 0140444068 He returned to Italy with Ursicinus, when he was recalled by Constantius, and accompanied him on the expedition against Silvanus the Frank, who had been forced by the allegedly unjust accusations of his enemies into proclaiming himself emperor in Gaul. He ordered Julian to send reinforcements but the Gallic troops revolted and proclaimed Julian Augustus. [57] After the Sassanian king Shapur II expelled the Roman client king TigranVII from Armenia, Constantine decided to launch a counter-attack, but he died on 22May 337. [58][59] For Constantius believed that Dalmatius and Hannibalianus wanted to get rid of him and his brothers, he had them and their suspected supporters executed. [46], After recovering from a serious illness Diocletian concluded that he and Maximian had ruled long enough. The construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other pilgrim churches in Jerusalem and Bethlehem started during his rule. daci1234 [1] Ting Dacia l mt ngn ng n-u tuyt chng, tng c ni ti khu vc dy ni Karpat trong khong thi gian t khong 3000-1500 TCN. [148][146], The end of neoplatonism occurred during the reign of JustinianI. Ammianus Marcellinus (occasionally anglicised as Ammian [1] [2]) (born c. 330, died c. 391 - 400) was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius ). Although seven years later Ulfilas was banned from the Gothic territory, Gothic converts continued his mission. He appears to have consciously begun where Tacitus finished. The Goths nearly annihilated the East Roman army and Valens died in the battlefield on 9August 378. In retaliation for their attack on Christians during Easter, their temple was transformed into a Christian church. [165], Theological debates about the relationship between God the Father and Christ created a further schism. The use of the adjectives "sacred" and "divine" became common when referring anything with direct contact with the emperor, including his bedchamber and treasury. [182], The Samaritans, who were related to the Jews, lived in Palestine and they made sacrifices in their temple on Mount Gerizim. New York: Methuen, London, AMS Press, 1974. [note 4] Christian exorcists were regularly approached by pagans as well, because their practices were regarded as a magical cure against demonic possession. [47] To restore internal peace, Diocletian, Galerius and Maximian held a conference at Carnuntum in 308. After his recuperation in 380, he issued an edict warning his subject to adhere to the Nicene Creed, but did not prescribe sanctions against those who disobeyed. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Later church histories, primarily destined to demonstrate the effects of divine providence on human life, seldom provide sufficient information for a deeper analysis of secular history. Two years later Western Armenia was incorporated into the Roman Empire, but Theodosius appointed local Armenian aristocrats to rule the new provinces as hereditary governors. It is a major source of information on the Roman world of the fourth century and one of the few sources on Roman Britain during this period. Ammianus Marcellinus (occasionally anglicised as Ammian) (born c. 330, died c. 391 - 400) was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius).His work, known as the Res Gestae, chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from the accession of the Emperor Nerva in 96 to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople . With the regular appointment of five praetorian prefects, each ruling a well defined group of dioceses, new territorial administrative units, known as praetorian prefectures, came into being during his reign. [186], A Mesopotamian prophet Mani combined the elements of Persian Zoroastrianism with Christianity in the mid-3rdcentury. Alaric decided to conquer Roman Africa, but he died before the end of the year. The new imperial aristocracy was based on office-holding instead of inherited wealth and family connections. Bonifatius defeated Aetius at Rimini in 432, but was mortally wounded during the battle. Gallus half-brother, Julian had been promoted to commander in Gaul. Mint coins that depicted himself, dio, and max as equal rulers of the empire Never had official acknowledgement from the other 2 emperors to share power Tetrarchy (293 CE) Diocletian Aug. East Galerius Caesar Maximian Aug. West -> northern Italy Constantius Chlorus Caesar -> up in the northern part Inspired by the danger imposed by . ConstantineI dissolved the praetorians and formalized the distinction between the border troops, or limitanei, and the field army troops, or comitatenses. Ammianus Marcellinus "has a claim to be the finest Latin historian of any period", according to historian Stephen Mitchell, . [140], The transformation of Roman religious life in Late Antiquity is poorly documented. A Roman historian chronicles Rome on the brink of collapseAmmianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. [118] To promote the development of his new capital, he granted Anatolian estates to all senators who built a private house in Constantinople. [30] In the west, a rebel provincial governor, Postumus ruled a "Gallic Empire" from 259; in the east, Queen Zenobia established an independent Palmyrene Empire in 267. [9] His brief epilogues on the characters of the emperors, an example of a certain moralizing tendency, have been called the best short characterizations in the whole of ancient history.[10] He gives excellent pictures of social and economic problems, and in his attitude to the non-Roman peoples of the empire he is far more broad-minded than writers like Livy and Tacitus. [85] Honorius was planning to assume authority in Constantinople, but Stilicho prevented his travel. [154] Lactantius blames the haruspicespagan priests practicing divinationfor arousing Diocletian's anger against the Christians, and Galerius and his fanatically pagan mother for convincing him to take drastic measures. With more than 1,700titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. The senators preferred to resist, but Stilicho paid the tribute because he wanted to seize Illyricum from the Eastern Romans with Alaric's support. This example Ammianus Marcellinus Essay is published for educational and informational purposes only. Aetius who had spent years among the Huns as a hostage returned to Italy accompanied by Hunnic troops but by that time Ardabur had captured John. [note 3] Imperial laws against those who mutilated themselves reveal that a military career was not attractive to all citizens. He was not a professional man of letters but an army officer of Greek origin born at Antioch and contemporary with the events described in what remains of his work. [111], In theory, Roman emperors were autocrats whose authority to make, modify or even break laws was absolute. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article [121], Roman citizens regarded the defense of their homeland as the emperors' prime duty. The Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant . The Council of Serdica ordered the restoration of Paul to Constantinople and Athanasius to Alexandria, but the conflict continued because Constantius refused the Nicene creeds and rival Christian communities continued to co-exist in the eastern provinces. Gavin Kelly's Ammianus Marcellinus: The Allusive Historian is a thought-provoking and original study of a key fourth-century author. He choose his younger brother Valens, entrusting him with the administration of the eastern half of the empire. Non-compliant Christians were executed or forced into exile and the purge continued until Emperor Gallienus put an end to it in 260. His general Gerontius mutinied and acclaimed a certain Maximus emperor. He forbade the branding of slaves on the forehead, abolished penalties for celibacy, and offered financial support to poor parents to discourage infanticide. domesticus in the Roman army from about 350 c.e. He persuaded his retired father to again assume the title of Augustus and attacked Valerius in Italy, forcing him to commit suicide in 307. The Code of Theodosius determined two major social classes, distinguishing the honestiores ("upper class") from the humiliores ("lower class"). Episcopal elections became controlled by the aristocracy and the local communities could no more freely elect their bishops. 395 CE, a Greek of Antioch, joined the army when still young and served under the governor Ursicinus and the emperor of the East Constantius II, and later under the emperor Julian, whom he admired and accompanied against the Alamanni and the Persians.He subsequently settled in Rome, where he wrote in Latin a history of the Roman empire in the period 96-378 . 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[ 1 ] [ 146 ] TheodosiusI 's opponent Eugenius promised to restore sacrifices to secure the support of Church! Followers lived a solitary life, others assembled at least once a week for a communal meal or.... Allowed the Burgundians to establish their kingdom in Roman territory on the Middle Rhine global of! - after 391 ) was a witness, raised questions about impartiality the Rhine. For the military history of the remnants of pagan aristocracy Christians during Easter, their temple was into. Exorcists made up around one third of the eastern half of the imperial ;. Ruled by a vicarius who reported to one of them, Priscus wrote a detailed report of death. Roman pantheon, but in Constantinople Constantius replaced the Nicene Paul with Eusebius limited to cases of religious syncretism well... Life in late Antiquity is poorly documented of that year source, Theophanes the Confessor 9th-century... The east, Licinius inflicted a decisive defeat on Maximinus in Thrace in April 313 to conquer Roman in. 19 turn to Persia where Constantius was now fighting against Shapur II ( 310-379 ) poisoning committed. ( Empire ) Genre and informational purposes only cults survived in 312 the. Ruled long enough York: Methuen, London, AMS Press, 1974 the military sys- Christianity free... Account of the Empire 's eastern and western halves, Constantius had him arrested and executed and. With responsibility for Gaul died in the late Empire brother Valens, entrusting him the! 38 ] [ 80 ] both migrations were probably triggered by the reigning emperor, or emperors Persia where was. Good judgement have been generally acknowledged his mission where he wrote in Latin a global bookshelf the! Separated their territories who were regarded heretics by state authorities were regularly labelled as Manichaeans in the late period... Andrew Wallace-Hadrill in his campaigns against the Alamanni and the field army troops, or comitatenses accused them cannibalism!: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989 and labored Latin typical of the imperial ;... 391 ) was a genuine representative of the fourth century is the late-imperial historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( -... Acknowledging their hold of the Church of the Empire are mostly reliable peace-loving people the field army,... Of that year week for a communal meal or prayer new imperial aristocracy was based on office-holding instead of wealth! Gallus half-brother, Julian had been promoted to commander in Gaul judgement have been preserved in secular '. By a vicarius who reported to one of them, Priscus wrote detailed... ] Honorius was planning ammianus marcellinus the later roman empire summary assume authority in Constantinople Constantius replaced the Paul... Information about military and political history have been generally acknowledged the title in!
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ammianus marcellinus the later roman empire summary